Liberia After 1822

Apparatus

Bibliography & Sources

Every chapter of this volume rests on a documented record. The bibliography below lists the archives, colonial and republican instruments, and the scholarly literature consulted, with the chapters in which each source is cited.

40 of 40 sources

  1. Akpan, M. B.. Black Imperialism: Americo-Liberian Rule over the African Peoples of Liberia, 1841-1964. Canadian Journal of African Studies, 1973.

    Interpretive framework for settler rule over Indigenous communities.

    articleCited in chapters 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 36, 40, 41, 46, 49

  2. American Colonization Society. Records of the American Colonization Society. Washington, D.C., 1792-1964. Manuscript Division, Library of Congress.

    Correspondence, minutes and emigrant rolls.

    archiveCited in chapters 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25

  3. American Colonization Society. The African Repository and Colonial Journal. Washington, D.C.: American Colonization Society, 1825-1892. Library of Congress.

    Official ACS organ; principal serial source for agent correspondence.

    periodicalCited in chapters 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 21, 22, 24, 25, 38

  4. Ashmun, Jehudi. History of the American Colony in Liberia, from December 1821 to 1823. Washington, D.C.: Way & Gideon, 1826.

    Agent's narrative of the founding years, written from inside the colony.

    bookCited in chapters 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25

  5. Ayres, Eli; Stockton, Robert F.; King Peter and other Dei and Bassa signatories. Agreement for the Cession of Cape Mesurado, 15 December 1821. Cape Mesurado, 1821. American Colonization Society Records, Library of Congress.

    The founding land instrument examined throughout Part I.

    documentCited in chapters 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 46, 51

  6. Beyan, Amos J.. The American Colonization Society and the Creation of the Liberian State. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1991.

    ACS governance and the transfer of authority to settlers.

    bookCited in chapters 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 29, 47

  7. Brooks, George E.. The Kru Mariner in the Nineteenth Century. Newark, DE: Liberian Studies Association, 1972.

    Kru labour, shipping and coastal politics.

    bookCited in chapters 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 44

  8. Brown, George W.. The Economic History of Liberia. Washington, D.C.: Associated Publishers, 1941.

    Customs revenue, trade restrictions and economic dependency.

    bookCited in chapters 1, 3, 7, 8, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 30, 31, 42

  9. Burin, Eric. Slavery and the Peculiar Solution: A History of the American Colonization Society. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2005.

    Manumission, emigration and ACS politics.

    bookCited in chapters 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 48

  10. Burrowes, Carl Patrick. Between the Kola Forest and the Salty Sea: A History of the Liberian People before 1800. Bomi County: Know Yourself Press, 2016.

    Pre-colonial polities of the Grain Coast.

    bookCited in chapters 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 18, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25, 45, 50, 52

  11. Campbell, Penelope. Maryland in Africa: The Maryland State Colonization Society, 1831-1857. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1971.

    The separate Maryland colony and its integration.

    bookCited in chapters 2, 3, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25

  12. Clegg, Claude A., III. The Price of Liberty: African Americans and the Making of Liberia. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004.

    Migration, mortality and settler society, centred on North Carolina emigrants.

    bookCited in chapters 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 13, 14, 15, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 49

  13. Colony of Liberia. Constitution and Plan of Civil Government for the Colony of Liberia. Monrovia, 1824.

    First formal governmental structure of the colony.

    documentCited in chapters 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27

  14. Commonwealth of Liberia. Constitution of the Commonwealth of Liberia. Monrovia, 1839.

    Establishes the Commonwealth and the office of governor.

    documentCited in chapters 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 28

  15. Dunn, D. Elwood; Beyan, Amos J.; Burrowes, Carl Patrick. Historical Dictionary of Liberia. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2001.

    Biographical and institutional reference.

    referenceCited in chapters 3, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 29, 37

  16. Everill, Bronwen. Abolition and Empire in Sierra Leone and Liberia. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013.

    Comparative anti-slave-trade politics and colonial legitimacy.

    bookCited in chapters 1, 3, 6, 7, 16, 18, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 32

  17. Fyfe, Christopher. A History of Sierra Leone. London: Oxford University Press, 1962.

    Regional context for Sherbro Island and the first settlement attempt.

    bookCited in chapters 7, 8, 9, 11, 15, 16, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25

  18. Gershoni, Yekutiel. Black Colonialism: The Americo-Liberian Scramble for the Hinterland. Boulder: Westview Press, 1985.

    Territorial consolidation and the hinterland campaigns.

    bookCited in chapters 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 40, 42, 43

  19. Great Britain, Foreign Office. Correspondence Relating to the Recognition of the Republic of Liberia. London: HMSO, 1848. The National Archives, Kew.

    British recognition and the sovereignty question.

    documentCited in chapters 18, 20, 22, 23, 24, 31, 32, 39

  20. Guannu, Joseph Saye. The Inaugural Addresses of the Presidents of Liberia. Hicksville, NY: Exposition Press, 1980.

    Primary texts of presidential addresses from 1848.

    bookCited in chapters 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 30, 37, 38

  21. Holsoe, Svend E.. A Study of Relations between Settlers and Indigenous Peoples in Western Liberia, 1821-1847. African Historical Studies, 1971.

    Foundational study of Dei, Gola and Vai relations with the colony.

    articleCited in chapters 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 44, 46, 50

  22. Huberich, Charles Henry. The Political and Legislative History of Liberia. New York: Central Book Company, 1947.

    Two-volume documentary history; the standard collection of colonial legal instruments.

    bookCited in chapters 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 31, 32, 33, 35, 39, 43, 47

  23. Jones, Adam. From Slaves to Palm Kernels: A History of the Galinhas Country. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner, 1983.

    Coastal commerce and the transition away from slave exports.

    bookCited in chapters 3, 7, 9, 11, 12, 13, 15, 17, 22, 45, 50

  24. Liebenow, J. Gus. Liberia: The Quest for Democracy. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987.

    Settler-Indigenous political structure over the long term.

    bookCited in chapters 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 40, 51, 52

  25. Martin, Jane J.. The Dual Legacy: Government Authority and Mission Influence among the Glebo of Eastern Liberia, 1834-1910. Boston: Boston University, 1968.

    Grebo/Glebo responses to Maryland in Liberia and the republic.

    thesisCited in chapters 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 43, 44

  26. Massing, Andreas. The Mande Trade Network of the Western Sudan and the Guinea Coast. Cahiers d'Etudes Africaines, 1985.

    Mandingo commercial and Islamic networks inland.

    articleCited in chapters 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 42, 45

  27. McDaniel, Antonio. Swing Low, Sweet Chariot: The Mortality Cost of Colonizing Liberia in the Nineteenth Century. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995.

    Quantitative analysis of settler mortality.

    bookCited in chapters 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25

  28. Moses, Wilson Jeremiah. Liberian Dreams: Back-to-Africa Narratives from the 1850s. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1998.

    Emigrant voices and colonization ideology.

    bookCited in chapters 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25, 34, 48, 49

  29. Mouser, Bruce L.. Rebellion, Marronage and Jihad: Strategies of Resistance to Slavery on the Sierra Leone Coast. Journal of African History, 2007.

    Resistance strategies in the wider coastal region.

    articleCited in chapters 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 21, 23, 24, 25

  30. Republic of Liberia. Constitution of the Republic of Liberia. Monrovia, 1847. Liberian National Archives.

    Framework of the republic: presidency, legislature, judiciary, citizenship.

    documentCited in chapters 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 33, 35, 36, 41

  31. Republic of Liberia. Declaration of Independence of the Republic of Liberia. Monrovia, 1847. Liberian National Archives.

    Adopted 26 July 1847 by the constitutional convention.

    documentCited in chapters 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 34

  32. Roberts, Joseph Jenkins. Presidential Papers and Correspondence. Monrovia, 1848-1876. Liberian National Archives.

    Executive correspondence of the first president.

    archiveCited in chapters 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 16, 18, 20, 21, 23, 24, 25, 30, 37, 38

  33. Sawyer, Amos. The Emergence of Autocracy in Liberia: Tragedy and Challenge. San Francisco: ICS Press, 1992.

    Constitutional development and the exclusion of the Indigenous majority.

    bookCited in chapters 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 28, 33, 34, 35, 36, 41, 47, 51, 52

  34. Shick, Tom W.. Behold the Promised Land: A History of Afro-American Settler Society in Nineteenth-Century Liberia. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1980.

    Demography and mortality of the settler population.

    bookCited in chapters 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25

  35. Staudenraus, P. J.. The African Colonization Movement, 1816-1865. New York: Columbia University Press, 1961.

    Standard institutional history of the colonization movement.

    bookCited in chapters 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 48

  36. Stockton, Robert Field. Naval Papers and Correspondence, 1811-1866. Princeton University Library.

    Naval officer's record of the 1821 negotiation.

    archiveCited in chapters 14, 16, 20, 21, 24

  37. Sullivan, Jo Mary. Mississippi in Africa: Settlers among the Kru, 1835-1847. Liberian Studies Journal, 1978.

    Sinoe settlement and Kru relations.

    articleCited in chapters 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25, 44

  38. Tyler-McGraw, Marie. An African Republic: Black and White Virginians in the Making of Liberia. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007.

    Virginia origins of the settler elite, including the Roberts family milieu.

    bookCited in chapters 14, 17, 21, 22, 24

  39. United States Congress. Act Recognizing the Independence of the Republics of Hayti and Liberia. Washington, D.C., 1862.

    United States recognition, 5 June 1862.

    documentCited in chapters 6, 12, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 39

  40. United States Navy. Records of the African Squadron. Washington, D.C., 1820-1861. National Archives and Records Administration, RG 45.

    Naval anti-slave-trade operations off the Grain Coast.

    archiveCited in chapters 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24